The corporate social responsibility (CSR) or sustainability debate has particular relevance to the gambling industry given the shift towards focusing on encouraging wellbeing in society. Governments and regulators are also becoming increasingly focused on the online industry to ensure gambling offerings uphold socially responsible standards that protect players.

The paper looks at major issues associated with accounting policies and standards which affected the banking sector.

Professional service firms hold a particular significance for organisational scholars. This is partly to do with the critical position that they occupy in the economic, social, and political realms, and partly because any developments in professional service firms can have far-reaching implications for the study of organisations more generally.

We use a panel of investment-grade corporate bonds to investigate why credit spreads are so much larger than expected losses from default. We begin by confirming that systematic factors contribute very little to spreads, even if higher moments or downside effects are incorporated.